Ankylosing spondylitis (AS) is a chronic inflammatory condition that primarily affects the spine, causing pain, stiffness, and progressive fusion of the vertebrae. It belongs to a group of conditions called spondyloarthropathies, which involve inflammation of the joints and ligaments. AS can also affect other areas of the body, including the hips, shoulders, and peripheral joints. The exact cause of AS is unknown, but it is believed to have a combination of genetic and environmental factors. The HLA-B27 gene is strongly associated with the condition, but not everyone with this gene develops AS. The most common symptom of AS is lower back pain and stiffness that worsens over time. The pain is typically worse in the morning and improves with exercise. Other symptoms may include limited range of motion in the spine, fatigue, loss of appetite, weight loss, and occasionally, eye inflammation. AS can be challenging to diagnose, as there is no single test that definitively confirms the condition. A diagnosis is usually made based on a combination of medical history, physical examination, blood tests (such as HLA-B27 testing and markers of inflammation), and imaging studies (such as X-rays and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)).

The treatment for AS aims to relieve pain, reduce inflammation, improve function, and prevent complications. Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are often the first-line treatment to reduce pain and inflammation. Physical therapy and exercise are crucial in maintaining spinal flexibility and posture. In severe cases, biologic medications that target specific inflammatory pathways may be prescribed. Ankylosing spondylitis is a chronic condition that varies in its severity and progression from person to person. The inflammation can lead to the formation of new bone, causing the vertebrae to fuse together, resulting in a rigid spine. However, the disease progression can be slowed or halted with appropriate treatment and lifestyle modifications. People with Ankylosing spondylitis may have an increased risk of developing certain associated conditions, including uveitis (inflammation of the eye), inflammatory bowel disease, psoriasis, and heart disease. Regular monitoring and appropriate management of these comorbidities are important. Along with medical treatment, certain lifestyle modifications can help manage AS. Regular exercise, especially stretching and strengthening exercises, is vital to maintain flexibility and reduce pain. Maintaining good posture, using ergonomic supports, and avoiding prolonged periods of inactivity are also recommended.